Lederle Labs developed their own vaccine, using wild polio collected from kids with polio strains. Koprowski developed the first vaccine, using rat and mouse brain as the growth medium. Cox was the other vaccine project lead, and made the statement you cite. America and Africa.
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Aletho News makes no claim of copyright on such material. In , the strain now called Monk14 T2 was given to Drs. Li and M. Schaeffer, who subjected the virus to nine more passages through monkey testicular cultures. Next, the strain now called Monk14 T11 underwent 15 more passages in monkey testicular cultures, 18 passages in monkey kidney cells, two passages through the skin of living rhesus monkeys, and additional passages through African Green monkey skin and monkey kidney cell cultures.
In , Sabin took this polio virus and passaged it through seven cultures of African Green Monkey kidney cells. The resulting material, called Sabin Original Merck SOM , was provided to the pharmaceutical company Lederle in , as the seed material to manufacture its polio vaccine.
Hidden Source. The theory of passaging is relatively simple. The idea is that as a virus becomes more adapted to a new animal species, that strain will become less adapted to its original host. Putting the virus into various monkey tissues or cultures, including monkey kidneys, monkey testicles and monkey skin, was designed to adapt the polio virus to monkeys.
Once it was adapted to monkeys, so the theory goes, the polio virus would be less virulent for humans. While the idea made sense, what did not make sense were the risks of doing this. Each time the polio virus was harvested from these monkey tissues and cultures, the scientists ran the risk of picking up extraneous monkey viruses mixed in with their polio virus. This is, of course, what happened.
In fact, since kidneys filter the blood and remove toxins, they are uniquely situated to be a potential source of viruses. Once their polio seeds were isolated, pharmaceutical companies needed a method to produce the vast quantities needed for nationwide immunization campaigns. This required a medium or substrate upon which the poliovirus could be efficiently grown and harvested.
Kidney cells from rhesus, and later African Green monkeys, were chosen because they were found to be an effective growth medium. Monkeys were imported in large numbers from various countries.
They were killed and their kidneys were removed. A small quantity of poliovirus would then be added to the minced kidneys, and within a few days, large quantities of poliovirus could then be harvested from these pulverized monkey kidneys cells.
There was a problem, however, with using monkey kidney cells to both create the original vaccine strains and grow the vaccine in large quantities: Monkeys are full of monkey viruses. In fact, there were so many simian viruses identified in the polio vaccines that scientists started numbering them.
Simian Virus 1, then 2, etc. Once an infection is found, treatment and preventive measures can be used to slow liver damage and reduce cancer risk. Both hepatitis B and C infections can be treated with drugs. Treating chronic hepatitis C infection with a combination of drugs for at least a few months can get rid of HCV in many people. A number of drugs can also be used to help treat chronic hepatitis B. This includes people infected with HIV, men who have sex with men, injection drug users, people in certain group homes, people with certain medical conditions and occupations such as health care workers , and others.
Known routes of spread include:. HIV is not spread by insects, through water, or by casual contact such as talking, shaking hands, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or from sharing dishes, bathrooms, kitchens, phones, or computers. It is not spread through saliva, tears, or sweat. This might let some other viruses, such as HPV, thrive, which might lead to cancer.
Many scientists believe that the immune system is also important in attacking and destroying newly formed cancer cells. A weak immune system might let new cancer cells survive long enough to grow into a serious, life-threatening tumor. HIV infection has been linked to a higher risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma and cervical cancer. The CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested for HIV at least once as part of their routine health care.
There is no vaccine to prevent HIV. But there are ways to lower your risk of getting it, such as not having unprotected sex or sharing needles with someone who has HIV. For people who are at high risk of HIV infection, such as injection drug users and people whose partners have HIV, taking medicine as a pill every day is another way to help lower your risk of infection. For people already infected with HIV, taking anti-HIV drugs can help slow the damage to the immune system, which may help reduce the risk of getting some of the cancers above.
KS is a rare, slow-growing cancer that often appears as reddish-purple or blue-brown tumors just underneath the skin. The infection makes them divide too much and live longer than they should. These types of changes may eventually turn them into cancer cells. HHV-8 is transmitted through sex and appears to be spread other ways, such as through blood and saliva, as well.
HHV-8 infection is life-long as with other herpes viruses , but it does not appear to cause disease in most healthy people. Having a weakened immune system appears to be one such factor. In the US, almost all people who develop KS have other conditions that have weakened their immune system, such as HIV infection or immune suppression after an organ transplant.
The number of people with KS has dropped in the US since peaking in the early s, most likely because of better treatment of HIV infection. The agency still recommends that children get four doses of the polio vaccine, each of which increases immunity to the virus. In , The CDC says children should get the fourth dose between the ages of 4 and 6. To develop the vaccine, the epidemiologist and physician Jonas Salk , who died in , grew the poliovirus in a culture think, petri dish of monkey kidney cells.
He then used a chemical called formalin to kill the virus, rendering it unable to cause polio. In this way, the polio vaccine, like other vaccines , shows the body how to develop the tools it needs to fight off the live virus, if exposed to it. In , some lots of the vaccine produced by one company actually contained live poliovirus, explains the CDC.
This led to more than cases of the disease polio and 10 deaths. In , scientists discovered that some of the monkey kidney cells used to make the polio vaccines were contaminated with simian virus For monkeys, this virus is harmless, producing no symptoms. But in high doses, SV40 can cause cancer in rodents. Starting in , authorities required new lots of polio vaccines to be free of SV Altogether, scientists estimate that around million U.
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