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Not in Library. Hurd, J. Koepf, A. Molinas, A. Colorado DOT, Denver, McGrath, T. Moore, and G. Meacham, D. Hurd, and W. Culvert Durability Study, Report No. Ohio Department of Transporta- tion, Columbus, Meegoda, J. New Jersey Department of Transportation and U. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Life expectancy determination of zinc-coated corrugated steel and reinforced concrete pipe used in Missouri, Rep.
Mitchell, G. Masada, and S. Moore, I. Becerril Garcia, H. Sezen, and T. Najafi, F. Washington, DC, Corrugated Steel Pipe Design Manual. Its inherent advantage to contractors, and long range economies for cost-conscious municipalities, enables construction of projects that might not be built otherwise. Open materials competition ensures these communities of the most favorable bid prices possible. The use of corrugated steel pipe for storm sewers has grown. The product data, design information and engineering considerations for such applications are beyond the scope of this publication.
This situation is especially acute at county or municipal levels because funds for maintenance and replacement of secondary roadway bridges are limited. The majority of bridges on the secondary system are termed short span, less than 15 m in length, and can be replaced or rebuilt with corrugated steel structures; conventional corrugated steel pipe and pipe-arches, structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, arches, steel box culverts, or long span culverts.
In the late 's, developments were made which involved adding longitudinal and circumferential stiffening members to the conventional x 51 mm corrugation structural plate structures which permitted the use of larger sizes and increased permissible live and dead loads. This concept made it possible to achieve clear spans up to 18 m and clear areas up to approximately m2. With the introduction in Canada of x mm deep corrugated structural plate in the 's, clear spans increased to 23 m with clear areas of m2.
A x mm deep corrugated structural plate product is also available. Long span structures are particularly suited for relatively low, wideopening requirements. Depth of cover generally ranges from 0. These standards provide for the selection of acceptable combinations of plate thickness, minimum cover requirements, plate radius and other design factors. Some of the applications in which these structures are serving include bridges, highway and railroad overpasses, stream enclosures, tunnels, culverts and conveyor conduits.
The structures have been extremely popular for bridge replacement, and when used as such provide the following advantages:. Eliminates icy bridge deck problems. No bridge deck deterioration problems. Eliminates constant maintenance of bridge approaches and painting of the superstructure. Permits the use of a constant roadway section in the vicinity of the structure.
The roadway is easily widened by simply extending the ends. They are readily available and can be field assembled with unskilled labor. Less design and construction time is required, allowing earlier project completion. Environmentally preferred since they permit the natural appearance of earth slope and vegetation to be utilized. For available shape configurations, sizes and waterway areas, consult Chapter Two, Product Details and Fabrication.
If an appropriate structure to meet project requirements is not shown, a design to meet specific site conditions can be provided by the manufacturers. Many roads were built along the path of least resistance for early travelers, and this meant easy access for fording streams. As roadways and modes of transportation improved, bridges were built to avoid fording streams.
In these locations there is little elevation differential between the desired roadway and the streambed. The shape of the box culvert, with its essentially flat top and vertical sides, is especially well suited for these types of installations where high quantity flows may be encountered, but minimal space is available for deep flows and high backfill covers over the culvert.
Box culverts are manufactured from standard x 51 mm corrugated structural plate and x mm deep corrugated structural plate. They can be reinforced with either continuous corrugated plate or intermittent circumferential ribs using corrugated plate or structural shapes.
Standard corrugated box culverts are available in spans up to 8 m with end areas up to 20 m2, while deep corrugated box culverts can span up to Although the principal use of corrugated steel pipe CSP is for storm drainage, there are some classes of domestic, commercial and industrial effluent which may be handled economically by corrugated steel pipe sewers.
The corrosiveness of the effluent is a prime consideration. However, pretreatment of effluents, and a specific required service life may also be pertinent factors. With adequate special coatings, linings and couplings, corrugated steel pipe has, in many instances, given a notable record of economical and satisfactory service. Six alternate pipe designs, with full cost estimation and evaluation, were submitted by the consulting engineer.
The lowest cost, and recommended alternative, was a design in corrugated steel pipe. The city of Grande Prairie, Alberta is typical of many modern, fast-growing young urban areas to be found across Canada, all of which are looking carefully at means to make their tax dollars go further. Well over 10 km of steel storm sewers have been installed by the city since , using all-steel drainage design.
Owners, contractors, and engineers have realized significant cost savings, whenever corrugated steel pipe is specified, or allowed as an alternate to other pipe products. A revolutionary new approach to storm water management shows promise to solve, or at least considerably alleviate, the worldwide problem of urban flood damage during major rainfall events. This innovative engineering solution is usually within the taxpayer's pocketbook.
Temporary detention of stormwater in underground storage tanks has been demonstrated as cost-effective in a prototype installation in a section of the then Borough of York, in northwest Metro Toronto. Basement flooding in the area previously occurred on an average of once a year. Since completion of the flood relief works in October , there has been no basement flooding despite some major storms.
The new works were designed to provide protection against up to ten year storm events. The continuing spread of urbanization requires new drainage concepts to provide efficient and safe disposal of storm water runoff. Existing storm drains in most areas. Severe flood damage can occur without storm water management utilizing such tools as retention and detention systems.
Where storm water runoff has no outlet for disposal, a retention system is a viable solution. The storm water is deliberately collected and stored, then allowed to dissipate by infiltration into the ground. Additional benefits are the enhancement of the ground water resources and the filtration of storm water through percolation.
The use of fully perforated corrugated steel pipe for recharge wells and linear pipes is a very cost effective way of disposing of excess storm water. Perforated CSP riser surrounded by clear stone for storm water quality treatment and discharge quality control.
Where storm water runoff has an outlet that is restricted due to downstream use during peak flow periods, a detention system can be used. Temporary detention of storm water in corrugated steel pipe storage tanks can be most economical and reliable. Storm water is detained beyond the peak flow period and then systematically released into the downstream storm drain. The demand for zero increase in rate of runoff is very apparent in urban drainage design.
Using corrugated steel pipe for detention and retention systems answers that need. Subdrainage is the control of ground water, in contrast to surface water or storm drainage. Subdrainage is a practical, economic way of maintaining firm, stable subgrades and structure foundations, eliminating wet cuts and preventing frost heave, preventing sloughing of fill and cut slopes, keeping recreational areas dry, and reducing saturation of backfill behind retaining walls.
The civil engineer considers soil as an engineering construction material for road and building foundations, backfills for retaining walls, embankments, and cut sections for roads, highways and channels. The engineer is concerned about the basic soil characteristics, the presence of ground water, and whether subdrainage is practical for the soils on the project.
With a little study and experience, many soil and ground water problems can be recognized and solved with subdrainage pipe. For the more difficult cases, a soils engineer and soil testing laboratory are indispensable. Soil erosion by water is a common and destructive force that plagues many engineering works. It makes unsightly gullies on roadways, cut slopes and embankments. It gouges out side ditches, fills culverts with sediment and is a costly nuisance.
There are three basic ways of preventing erosion. The first is to treat the surface by paving, riprap, erosion-resistant turf, vines, or other vegetation.
The second is to reduce the velocity of the water by means of ditch checks. The third is to intercept the water by means of inlets and convey it in corrugated steel flumes, pipe spillways, stream enclosures, or storm drains. Larger streams may be controlled by steel sheeting, jetties, or retaining walls. Corrugated steel pipe, with its long lengths, positive joints and flexibility to conform to shifting soil, provides a most dependable means of solving erosion problems.
Earth dams, levees and many other types of embankments require culverts or outlets for intercepted or impounded water. Corrugated steel pipes are particularly advantageous and have enviable records for this type of service Small dams are used extensively for soil conservation and to supply drinking water for livestock. Large dams may impound water for public supplies, irrigation, power, recreation, or navigation. All dams require some means, such as a drain pipe spillway, to handle normal overflow and prevent overtopping and possible washout.
For emergency overflow, a turf covered ditch, or one lined with a corrugated steel flume, or chute is usually satisfactory. Soil conditions at these locations are seldom ideal.
Hence strong, flexible pipes are needed to resist disjointing, settlement and infiltration of the surrounding soil. A local or regional office of the Natural Resource Conservation Service formerly Soil Conservation Service can be helpful in suggesting suitable details based on proved local practice. Diaphragms should be located at a minimum distance of 1. Flap and screw-lift operated water control gates are two types of gates frequently used in combination with corrugated steel pipe products to control water.
The latter type is used where extra control is required, but they tend to require timely opening and closing. Both types are available with round or rectangular openings. Flap gates are available in diameters from to mm. Slide gates can be specified with nominal slide dimensions from x mm to x mm and in diameters from to mm. Radial and roller gates are also available. In many sites, the need to accommodate migrating fish passage is an important consideration in culvert design.
Transportation and drainage designers should seek early coordination with environmental, fish, and wildlife agencies to ensure that stream crossings that require provisions for fish passage are identified before design commences. Extensive experience has shown clearly that culverts can be designed to provide for fish passage. Design criteria for the specific fish species should be clarified during project development. Conversely, prevention of migration of rough fish or lampreys into upstream spawning grounds can also be accommodated, through the incorporation of suitable weirs or barriers into the culvert design.
Several variations in design are possible to accommodate fish passage: 1. Open-Bottom Culverts - or arch-type culverts on spread footings retain the use of the natural streambed. This approach is favored in streams with rocky or semi-resistant channels. Selection of a wider-than-usual arch span also provides for maintenance of natural stream velocities during moderate flows. Tailpond Control Weirs - have proven to be the most practical approach to meet a minimum water depth requirement in the culvert barrel.
A series of shallow weirs, with a notch or small weir for low-flow passage, have proven extremely effective.
Larger weirs of more substantial design may require provision for separate fish ladder bypasses. Oversized Culverts - limiting velocities may require the use of oversized culverts. Oversizing and depressing the culvert invert below the natural stream bed permits gravel and stone deposition, resulting in a nearly natural stream bed within the culvert.
Numerous velocity profiles taken during floods indicate that wall and bed friction permit fish passage along the wall. In effect, the roughness of the steel barrel assists in fish passage.
Culverts with baffles attached to the invert - considerable recent laboratory and prototype research has indicated that baffles or spoilers can significantly aid fish passage. Multiple barrel installations - have proven particularly effective in wide, shallow streams. One barrel can be specifically designed with weir plates inside the barrel to provide for fish passage.
The use of baffles in the barrel. Power plants require vast amounts of cooling water. Structural plate steel pipes over 6 m in diameter have been used for water intakes. These lines are typically subaqueous, requiring special underwater construction by divers. Corrugated steel is especially suitable for this type of construction and has been used for such lines in the Great Lakes region.
Thermal pollution is a major problem with discharge water from power plants. In large deep bodies of water, long discharge lines of structural plate pipe can carry the heated effluent to sufficient depth for dilution or tempering. In shallower waters a unique approach is to use multiple lines of perforated structural plate pipe. Ontario Hydro has used the latter design at the Darlington generating plant in Ontario. Intercepting sheet flow drainage at highway intersections, driveways and at the elevated shoulder of curves, has become a critical element in highway design.
For example, snow pushed to the high-side shoulder on a curve melts as sunlight heats the pavement and shoulder. The runoff from the snow flows back across the roadway and freezes as evening temperatures fall. The result is sheet ice in a very critical area, creating a dangerous traffic hazard and repetitive maintenance problem.
The solution is a continuous longitudinal slotted corrugated steel pipe installed at the junction point between shoulder and roadway. This narrow slot intercepts runoff before it crosses the roadway area. The system provides an inlet, runoff pipe, and grate all in one installation, and it can be perforated to double as a subdrain. Steel conduits serve many practical purposes other than for drainage and sewers.
Some of these are: Underpasses or tunnels for safe movement of people, animals and vehicles. Materials handling in conveyor tunnels, aerial conduits or systems protected by conveyor covers; and storage bins for aggregates and other materials.
Utility conduits for protecting pipe lines and cables; also entries, escapeways, ventilation overcasts and air ducts. Pedestrian underpasses find their principal use in protecting people who would otherwise be forced to cross dangerous railway tracks, streets, or highways. Safety is not the only advantage. Where a business, industry, or institution is divided by a busy street or railroad, a structural plate underpass is often the most convenient, economical and direct means of access.
Frequently, large farms and ranches are divided by a highway or railroad, requiring livestock to make repeated dangerous crossings. These barriers are also dangerous for animals in the wild. An underpass under the road is often the most satisfactory solution to this problem. Large underpasses serve as grade separations for automotive and railway traffic. For example, a county or local road can be carried under a primary highway or railroad, often at less cost than building a bridge.
When a plant property is divided by a roadway or other barrier, a tunnel, or an aerial bridging conduit may serve to economically join the property. In some cases a conveyor cover for short or long distances can serve to protect the products from the elements while en route.
Tracks, conveyor belts, or walkways may be used in these tunnels, bridging conduits, and conveyor covers. Conveyor tunnels of heavy wall thickness corrugated steel pipe are commonly used under storage piles of aggregates and other materials. Storage bins of heavy curved corrugated steel plates are used on construction projects as well as in plant material yards.
Water, steam and gas lines, sewers, or power cables must often pass between buildings or beneath embankments or other surface obstacles. Good engineering practice calls for placing them within a conduit to protect against direct loading, impact, corrosion, temperature extremes, and against sabotage or vandalism. For encasing sewers or high pressure lines, a corrugated steel conduit helps minimize damage to the fill and surface installations caused by sudden breaks.
A conduit large enough to walk through provides better access for inspections and repairs. Brackets and supports are easily installed in pipes. Utility conduits or tunnels may also double as air ducts. In the case of mines, munitions plants and other hazardous activities, these conduits may serve as ventilation overcasts and escapeways. See Aerial Conduits. In cases where surcharge piles from conveyors press against conveyor bent supports, corrugated steel structural plate may be used to reinforce and protect the bents.
Aerial conduits include at least two classes of structures. The first is exposed sewers, gravity water lines and service tunnels or bridges. The second class includes ducts for air and various gases for ventilation or circulation. Aerial access bridges for safe movement of personnel or intra-plant materials handling also are described here. Often the need arises to establish a satisfactory gradient above ground for sanitary outfall sewers, irrigation or gravity water lines that cross depressions, streams, or channels.
These exposed lines may be supported on bents, properly spaced, without need for beams or rails between piers. Aerial conduits can be a good choice in industry rather than ground level crossings or subterranean passageways.
Bridging between adjacent buildings of a manufacturing plant may be desirable for more direct access for employees, materials, finished products, or utility lines.
Other applications are seen at mine tipples, quarries, or docks where the aerial lines may be quite lengthy. Mining, industry and construction operations require various degrees of ventilation to protect against health hazards arising from toxic gases, excessive heat, moisture, dust and possible explosions.
Ventilation codes and minimum standards usually are established and policed by provincial agencies. Table 1. Corrugated steel pipe and other steel products have been used in ventilating systems for many years.
The use of explosives in tunneling or mining makes resistance to concussion and ease of coupling and uncoupling desirable characteristics of the ventilation pipe.
Helically corrugated steel pipe and various forms of smooth wall pipe meet these requirements. Coefficients of friction for galvanized helically corrugated steel pipe for air conduction. Mine ventilation conduits or fan ducts extend from the ventilating fan to the portal of the fresh air tunnel or air shaft. Corrugated steel ducts are widely used due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Further, they are fully salvageable if a change of operations is necessary.
They resist destruction from explosions, are fire resistant, and contribute to mine safety through confining explosion and fire in event of disaster. Corrugated steel ducts may range from to mm diameter, with , and mm being the most common sizes. Normally, the duct is fabricated so that the fan opening is offset from the centerline of the main conduit to prevent damage to the fan in case of explosion.
Spring-loaded explosion doors installed on the outlet end of the main duct serve to relieve pressures and minimize damage to ventilating equipment. Air lock chambers can be installed on the side of the main conduit for entry into the air tunnel if desired. Concrete aggregates must, at times, be heated or cooled prior to mixing in order to obtain satisfactory working and setting properties of the concrete.
Corrugated steel pipe inserted through aggregate piles have been commonly used as heat conduits. Heat transfer through pipe walls is rapid.
Also, ample structural strength and complete salvageability are advantageous. Corrugated steel pipe is used for heat manifolds, ducts and stacks for smoke and fumes. Galvanized steel is satisfactory except where the fumes are corrosive, in which case protective coatings can be specified. Capitol St. Various design challenges, and the application of corrugated steel pipe and other products to the solution of those challenges, have been described and illustrated in Chapter 1.
These cover a wide segment of the construction field, including highways, railways, streets, urban areas, airports, industrial and commercial development, flood control and conservation. These examples are not all-inclusive or complete solutions. They are intended only to show the adaptability and wide acceptance of one material - steel - for aiding in the solution of some of the problems facing the design engineer. So vast are the annual expenditures for construction that the skills of resourceful qualified engineers are required to research analyse , select, design and apply the available materials and products that most economically serve their purpose.
For example, the cost of drainage facilities on the original U. Mass transportation, antipollution facilities, flood protection and other related construction projects can require drainage facilities in comparable measure. The need for carefully considering the economics of providing and maintaining these facilities is obvious.
Drainage design begins with reconnaissance and location surveys. The services of experienced soils and drainage engineers provide the best assurance of economical construction and subsequent minimum maintenance. The following design factors must be considered: 1. Size, shape, alignment, grade and other configurations. These depend on hydrology and hydraulics, and on service requirements. See Chapters 3, 4 and 5. Structural adequacy to meet embankment and superimposed live loads, along with hydraulic forces.
See Chapter 6. Trouble-free service through selection of materials to resist wear and provide durability. See Chapter 8. Economics - First cost of materials and installation, plus maintenance cost evaluated on the basis of present worth. See Chapter 9. In addition to these, the design engineer can make a value-analysis of such other factors as: suitable sources of supply, probable delivery schedule, influence of climate or season of the year, coordination with other construction schedules, suppliers assistance, and ease of repair or replacement in relation to the importance or service of the facility.
Alternate materials and designs should be considered so that the final selection will provide the most economical and satisfactory solution for the overall facility and its users. Corrugating a flat sheet has long been known to increase its stiffness and strength. Corrugated steel sheets have been produced almost since the first rolling mill was built in England in But it was not until after , when mass-produced steel sheets became abundant, that their use grew rapidly.
Corrugated steel pipe was first developed and used for culverts in As experience was gained in the use of this thin-wall, lightweight, shop-fabricated pipe, the diameters gradually increased to mm and larger. Fill heights became greater, even exceeding 30 m. A further development, in , was structural plate pipe with larger corrugations, for field assembly. Diameters up to 8 m and arch spans up to 18 m have been installed successfully.
The designer has a wide choice of standard cross-sectional shapes of corrugated steel and structural plate conduits as shown in Table 2. Size and service use may control the shape selected, with strength and economy as additional factors. The principal profiles for corrugated steel pipe are shown in Figure 2. Corrugations commonly used for pipes or conduits are circular arcs connected by tangents, and are described by pitch, depth and inside forming radius.
Pitch is measured at right angles to the corrugations from crest to crest. A corrugation is named using its pitch and depth as pitch by depth. For riveted pipe with circumferential annular seams, the corrugations are 68 by 13 mm. For lock seam pipe, the seams and corrugations run helically or spirally around the pipe.
For small diameters of subdrainage pipe , , mm the corrugation is nominally 38 x 6. Larger sizes diameters to mm, depending on profile use 68 x 13 mm, 76 x 25 mm and x 25 mm corrugations. Another corrugation used for lock seam pipe is the spiral rib profile. Developed in the mid 's, the pipe wall is spirally formed using rectangularly.
Culverts, subdrains, sewers, service tunnels, etc. All plates same radius. For medium and high fills or trenches. Culverts, sewers, service tunnels, recovery tunnels. Plates of varying radii; shop fabrication. For appearance and where backfill compaction is only moderate. Span x Rise x mm to x mm Span x Rise x mm to 20 x 10 m Span 1.
Culverts, grade separations, storm sewers, tunnels. Grade separations, culverts, storm sewers, tunnels. Culverts, grade separations, storm sewers and tunnels. Ammunition magazines, earth covered storage. Low, wide waterway enclosures, culverts, storm sewers. Special fabrication for lining old structures or other special purposes. For equal area or clearance, the round shape is generally more economical and simpler to assemble.
Other shapes are generally only furnished as structural plate or deep corrugated structural plate. This unique profile configuration was developed for providing flow characteristics equal to those piping systems normally considered smooth wall. One profile configuration is available, with nominal dimensions 19 x 19 x mm rib pitch x rib depth x rib spacing , covering diameters from through mm. Section properties of the arc-and-tangent type of corrugation are derived mathematically using a design thickness which is a little different than the measured or specified thickness.
The properties include area, A, moment of inertia, I, section modulus, S, and radius of gyration, r. Research by the American Iron and Steel Institute AISI has shown that failure loads in bending and deflection within the elastic range can be closely predicted by using computed section properties of the corrugated sheet. See Tables 2. The number of corrugation profiles available is a result of the need for additional stiffness and strength for larger diameters of pipes. The standard sizes of round and pipe-arch corrugated steel pipes and spiral rib steel pipes, and their handling weights, are shown in Tables 2.
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